Wheat Disease Loss Estimates from the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2018

Wheat diseases annually reduce yield in the United States and Canada. Diseases of importance vary from year to year, and diseases that affect yield are based on many factors, including weather conditions, crop production practices, and variety selection and susceptibility to disease.

Plant pathologists representing 28 wheat-producing U.S. states and Ontario, Canada, estimated the percent yield loss from wheat disease in their states. These reports account for 1.7 billion bushels (84.8 percent) of the total wheat produced in the United States and Ontario in 2018 (Figure 1). The yield loss estimates include foliar, root, stem, head, and kernel diseases in the states represented in this survey.

This publication documents the impact of major diseases on wheat production during 2018. The North Central Regional Committee on Management of Small Grain Diseases (NCERA 184) and the Western Wheat Workers (WERA 97) revises disease loss estimates annually. It is important to note that methods for estimat­ing disease loss vary by state or province. The estimates may be based on statewide disease surveys; feedback from university extension, industry, and farmer represen­tatives; and personal experience with disease losses.

Disease loss values are based on yield before estimated losses for each state or province using this formula:

(harvested bushels/[{100 – percent estimated disease loss}/100])

Total bushels lost per disease are then formulated using ([percent loss/100] x yield before estimated loss) for each state or province.

Additional information on yield and economic losses due to wheat diseases can be found at the CPN Field Crop Disease Loss Calculator. 

2018 Conditions and Production

Farmers in the United States and Ontario planted wheat on 48.8 million acres in 2018. This produced nearly 2 billion bushels of wheat, worth almost $10.1 billion USD. Many eastern U.S. states experienced above average precipitation while western U.S. states had below average precipitation. Higher than average temperatures were also observed throughout much of the U.S., except in several north central states where temperatures were near average.

2018 Disease Losses

In 2018, disease reduced wheat bushels by 6.4 percent across the U.S. states included in this survey and by 3.2 percent in Ontario. Table 1 provides yield loss estimates for all diseases.

Table 1. Estimated wheat yield losses (in thousands of bushels) from diseases in 28 wheat producing states in the United States and Ontario, Canada in 2018.

¹Can include needle, root-gall, root-knot, stem, stubby-root, and stunt nematodes; ²Can include pink snow mold, speckled snow mold, and snow rot; ³Can include Alternaria leaf blight, anthracnose, Ascochyta leaf spot, bacterial mosaic, and downy mildew; ⁴Can include Agropyron mosaic and Brome mosaic.

Diseases in the Northern United States

Fusarium head blight was the most damaging disease in the northern United States in 2018 — more than 25 million bushels lost. Bacterial leaf streak and black chaff caused the second greatest loss while root-lesion nematodes caused the next greatest yield loss (see Table 2). Overall, nearly 99 million bushels of wheat were estimated to have been lost due to diseases in the northern United States.

Table 2. Estimated wheat yield losses due to the five most significant diseases in the northernmost U.S. states¹ in 2018.

¹U.S. States include Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.

Diseases in Southern States

Fusarium head blight caused the greatest estimated wheat yield losses in the southernmost U.S. states in 2018 (Table 3). Leaf rust was the second, followed by Stagonospora leaf and glume blotch, powdery mildew, and barley yellow dwarf.

¹Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Virginia.

Diseases in Ontario, Canada

Stagonospora leaf and glume blotch caused the greatest estimated wheat yield loss in Ontario, Canada in 2018 (Table 4). Another foliar disease, Septoria tritici blotch, caused the second greatest yield loss.

Table 4. Estimated wheat yield losses due to the five most significant diseases in Ontario, Canada in 2018.

Summary

Environmental conditions varied across the United States and Ontario in 2018, which affected the presence of and damage from many diseases. The head and kernel disease Fusarium head blight was most prevalent across the U.S. 2018. After head and kernel diseases, foliar diseases are the most important causes of wheat yield loss, followed by root and stem diseases.

Disclaimer

The disease loss estimates in this publication were provided by members of the North Central Regional Committee on Management of Small Grain Diseases (NCERA 184) and the Western Wheat Workers (WERA 97). This information is only a guide. The values in this publication are not intended to be exact estimates of wheat yield losses due to diseases. The members of NCERA 184 used the most appropriate means available to estimate disease losses and assume no liability resulting from the use of these estimates.

Values reported in this document were accurate as of publication date and do not reflect corrections or updates occurring since that time. For the most up-to-date values and additional information on yield and economic losses due to diseases, see the Field Crop Disease Loss Calculator at https://loss.cropprotectionnetwork.org/.

Acknowledgements

Authors

Andrew Friskop; North Dakota State University; Daren Mueller, Iowa State University; and Adam Sisson, Iowa State University.

Contributors

Kira Bowen, Auburn University; Travis Faske, University of Arkansas; Ron Meyer, Colorado State University; Alyssa Koehler, University of Delaware; Alfredo Martinez Espinoza, University of Georgia; Juliet Marshall, University of Idaho; Nathan Kleczewski, University of Illinois; Darcy Telenko, Purdue University; Erick DeWolf, Kansas State University; Carl Bradley, University of Kentucky; Paul “Trey” Price III, Louisiana State University; Martin Chilvers, Michigan State University; Jochum Wiersma, University of Minnesota; Tom Allen, Mississippi State University; Kaitlyn Bissonnette, University of Missouri; Mary Burrows, Montana State University; Stephen Wegulo, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Gary Bergstrom, Cornell University; Christina Cowger, North Carolina State University;  Andrew Friskop, North Dakota State University; Pierce Paul, Ohio State University; Bob Hunger, Oklahoma State University; Albert Tenuta, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs; Alyssa Collins, Pennsylvania State University; Emmanuel Byamukama, South Dakota State University; Heather Kelly, University of Tennessee; Hillary Mehl, Virginia Tech; and Damon Smith, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Production data from the United States Department of Agriculture-National Agriculture Statistics Service and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs. Climate information from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-National Center for Environmental Information.

In addition to support from United States Department of Agriculture - National Institute of Food and Agriculture, this project was funded in part through the Grain Farmers of Ontario.